Electric Fuses Fundamentals and new applications 4th Edition 2022 (PDF)

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About the book:

Publisher: IET

Author (s): Nigel P.M. Nurse, Arthur Wright and P. Gordon Newbery

Place of Publication: United Kingdom

Pages: 318

Edition: 2022

Language: English

Size: 176 Mb

Content:

About the authors xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xix

Obituries xxi

List of principal symbols xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 History of fuse development 1

1.2 Basic requirements 9

1.3 Fuse types and constructions 11

1.3.1 Classifications 11

1.3.2 Basic constructions 11

1.3.3 ‘Resettable fuses’ and fault limiters 14

1.3.4 The antifuse 15

1.4 World production 15

2 Pre-arcing behaviour of cartridge fuse links 17

2.1 General behaviour 17

2.1.1 Clearance of very high currents 19

2.1.2 Clearance of high currents 22

2.1.3 Behaviour at intermediate current levels 24

2.1.4 Behaviour at currents near the minimum fusing level 25

2.1.5 Mathematical and experimental studies 28

2.2 Control of time/current characteristics 33

2.3 M-effect 34

2.3.1 Oxidation 38

2.4 Skin and proximity effects 39

2.5 Advances in modelling 41

3 Arcing behaviour of cartridge fuselinks 45

3.1 Basic conditions during the arcing period 45

3.2 Arc model 48

3.2.1 Cathode-fall region 49

3.2.2 Anode-fall region 49

3.3 Positive column 49

3.3.1 Length of a positive column 49

3.3.2 Cross-sectional area of a positive column 53

3.3.3 Electrical conductivity of a positive column 54

3.4 Complete mathematical model 57

4 Constructions and types of low-voltage fuses 63

4.1 Cartridge fuses 64

4.1.1 Fuselink elements 64

4.1.2 Further details on selection of element materials 67

4.1.3 Fuselink bodies 69

4.1.4 Filling material 69

4.1.5 Industrial fuses 69

4.1.6 Domestic fuses 78

4.1.7 Fuses for the protection of circuits containing semiconductor devices 80

4.1.8 Other types 84

4.2 Semi-enclosed fuses 85

4.3 Continental European fuses 85

4.3.1 Blade-contact-type fuses 86

4.3.2 End-contact or screw-type fuses 91

4.3.3 Cylindrical-cap-contact fuses 93

4.3.4 Semiconductor fuses 95

4.4 North American fuses 96

4.4.1 Industrial fuses 96

4.4.2 Domestic fuses 102

4.4.3 Semiconductor fuses 103

4.5 Fuses for telecommunication power systems 104

4.6 Fuses for railway applications 105

4.7 Fuse for photovoltaic (solar power) systems 108

4.8 Fuses for battery energy storage systems 111

5 Constructions and types of high-voltage fuses 113

5.1 Non-current-limiting fuselinks 113

5.1.1 Expulsion fuses 114

5.1.2 Liquid fuses 116

5.2 Current-limiting fuselinks 118

5.2. 1 Constructions of Back Up or partial-range fuselinks 1 18

5.2.2 Current-interrupting abilities and categories of fuselinks 124

5.2.3 Full-Range fuselinks 127

5.3 Continental European practice 128

5.4 North American practice 130

5.4.1 Current-limiting fuses 131

5.4.2 Non-current-limiting fuses 131

6 Constructions of miniature, plug and other small fuses 137

6.1 Miniature fuses 137

6.1.1 Cartridge fuselinks 138

6.1.2 Subminiature fuses 145

6.1.3 Universal modular fuselinks 146

6.2 Domestic plug fuses 150

6.3 Automotive fuses 151

7 Application of fuses 155

7.1 General aims and considerations 155

7.1.1 Time/current relationships 156

7.1.2 I2t 158

7.1.3 Virtual time 159

7.1.4 Published time/current characteristics 160

7.1.5 Cut-off characteristics 161

7.1.6 Operating frequency 161

7.1.7 Application of fuses to DC circuits 162

7.2 Discrimination and co-ordination 164

7.2.1 Networks protected by fuses 165

7.2.2 Networks protected by fuses and devices of other types 166

7.2.3 Co-ordination between a current-limiting fuse and a directly associated device of lower breaking capacity 167

7.3 Protection of cables 168

7.4 Protection of motors 172

7.4.1 Protection of soft starters 175

7.5 Protection of power transformers 176

7.6 Protection of voltage transformers 183

7.7 Protection of capacitors 184

7.8 Protection of semiconductor devices 189

7.8.1 Protection requirements 189

7.8.2 Basic protective arrangements 191

7.8.3 Co-ordination of fuselinks and semiconductor devices 193

7.8.4 Cyclic loading of semiconductor fuselinks 197

7.8.5 Application of fuselinks to equipment incorporating semiconductor devices 199

7.8.6 Protection of DC thyristor drives 204

7.8.7 Protection of inverters 208

7.8.8 Protection of power transistors 209

7.8.9 Combination of rectifier and inverter 212

7.8.10 Situations where there are high surge currents of short duration 213

7.8.11 Special applications 214

7.9 Protection against electric shock 215

7.9.1 Protection against direct contact 215

7.9.2 Protection against indirect contact 215

7.10 Arc flash 217

7.11 Power quality 219

7.12 Protection of photovoltaic (PV) systems 220

7.13 Protection of battery energy storage systems 228

8 International and national standards 231

8.1 Contents of standards 231

8.1.1 Scope 232

8.1.2 Normative references 232

8.1.3 Definitions 233

8.1.4 Standard conditions of operation 233

8.1.5 Ratings and characteristics 234

8. 1.6 Markings 239

8.1.7 Type tests 240

8.1.8 Dimensions 246

8.1.9 Application guides 246

8.2 IEC fuse standards 252

8.2.1 Low-voltage fuses 252

8.2.2 High-voltage fuses 253

8.2.3 Miniature fuses 254

8.2.4 Temperature rise 254

8.3 European standards 254

8.3.1 British standards 255

8.3.2 Other national standards 256

8.4 North American standards 256

8.4.1 Low-voltage and miniature fuses 256

8.4.2 High-voltage fuses 257

8.5 Approvals procedure 257

9 Manufacture, quality assurance and inspection 261

9.1 Quality assurance 261

9.2 Design and manufacturing control 262

9.3 Purchased material and components 263

9.3.1 Bodies 264

9.3.2 End caps 266

9.3.3 Element material 266

9.3.4 Granular filling material 266

9.3.5 Machined parts for striker assemblies 267

9.3.6 Components and other materials 267

9.3.7 Calibration 267

9.4 In-process inspection 267

9.4.1 Production of fuselink elements 267

9.4.2 Winding of high-voltage-fuselink elements 268

9.4.3 Fuselink assembly 268

9.4.4 Striker assemblies 268

9.4.5 In-process final inspection 269

9.4.6 Dimensional check 269

9.4.7 X-ray examination 269

9.4.8 Resistance measurement 269

9.5 Other fuse parts 269

10 Fuse recycling - even after operation fuses are still useful 271

References 273

Glossary of terms 279

Bibliography 283

Index 285

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