Code of Practice Grid-connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems 2nd Edition 2023 (PDF)

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About

Pages: 219 pages
Size: 73MB
Publisher: IET
Author (s): IET
Language: English
Publication: 2022


This Code of Practice sets out the requirements for the design, specification, installation, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Important updates have been made to this second edition, including new legislation and standards within the evolving landscape of solar PV systems. Topics include systems design, approval, installation and operation. Key safety requirements in the protection and earthing of PV systems mounted on both in buildings and on the ground is covered in detail. It also contains requirements for commissioning, monitoring and maintenance throughout the lifetime of an installation.

This second edition provides updated information to ensure that a solar PV system is designed, competently installed and safe to operate in compliance with current national and international standards. It is an invaluable resource for technicians and supervisors who may be responsible for overseeing solar PV systems deployment


Content

List of Tables 7
List of Figures 9
Participants in the Technical committee 13
Acknowledgements 15
Section 1 Introduction 17
1.1 Scope and purpose 17
1.2 Document structure 17
Section 2 Overview of solar PV systems, components and architectures 19
2.1 Solar PV modules 19
2.2 Inverters 21
2.3 Array architectures 24
Section 3 Solar PV array and module operating characteristics and behaviour 29
3.1 General 29
3.2 Solar module ratings 30
3.3 The IV curve 31
3.4 Short-circuited modules 32
3.5 Irradiance and temperature effects 32
3.6 Typical module behaviour when shaded 34
3.7 Module reverse currents 36
3.8 Potential induced degradation 36
Section 4 System performance 37
4.1 Pitch and orientation 37
4.2 Geographical location 39
4.3 System losses 40
4.4 Daily and annual variation 43
4.5 Photovoltaic performance estimation 44
4.6 Warranties/guarantees 44
Section 5 DC system electrical design 47
5.1 General 47
5.2 DC system voltage and current ratings 47
5.3 DC system: voltage considerations 49
5.4 DC system: current considerations 50
5.5 Overcurrent protection 55
5.6 Overcurrent protection of grouped strings 57
5.7 Isolation and switching 58
5.8 Combiner boxes 60
5.9 PV array plug and socket connections 61
5.10 DC cables 61
5.11 Protection against the effects of DC insulation faults 63
5.12 DC current carrying conductors - functional earthing 67
5.13 PV array frame: earthing and bonding arrangements 68
5.14 Protection against lightning and overvoltage on the DC side 72
Section 6 Protection against lightning and overvoltage on the DC side 73
6.1 General 73
6.2 Risk assessment 74
6.3 External LPS 74
6.4 Lightning current and surge arresters 75
6.5 Data or control circuits 75
6.6 Lightning protection zone concept (LPZ) 76
6.7 Ground-mounted arrays 80
Section 7 Inverters 83
7.1 Inverter sizing 83
72 Inverter selection 84
73 Inverter location 85
74 Inverter warning notice 85
75 Typical inverter supply and earthing arrangements 86
Section 8 AC system requirements: low voltage 87
8.1 Typical connection details 87
8.2 General BS 7671 requirements 87
8.3 Overcurrent protection 87
8.4 Isolation and switching 88
8.5 Cables 88
8.6 Earthing and bonding 89
8.7 Overvoltage and lightning protection 89
8.8 RCD protection 89
8.9 G99 relay 90
8.10 Systems integration 91
Section 9 Network connection and DNO approval 93
9.1 General 93
9.2 Connection requirements for generators 94
9.3 Engineering Recommendations G98 and G99 94
9.4 G98: single premises 95
9.5 G98: multiple premises 96
9.6 G99: installations 96
9.7 Labelling requirements 98
9.8 New connections 98
9.9 Contestable and non-contestable works 98
9.10 EngineeringrecommendationG100:export and import limitation 99
Section10 High voltage(HV) systems 101
10.1 General 101
10.2 HV connection arrangements 101
10.3 HV distribution system 102
10.4 HV equipment standards 104
10.5 HV equipment locations 104
10.6 HV cables 105
10.7 HV switchgear 106
10.8 Transformers 107
10.9 Earthing arrangements 111
Section 11 Mechanical and civil design and installation 121
11.1 General 121
11.2 PV mounting systems: general requirements 121
11.3 Wind and snow loads 123
11.4 PV systems on buildings 127
11.5 PV systems on buildings: fire considerations 135
11.6 Ground mounted PV systems 140
Section 12 System monitoring 147
12.1 General 147
12.2 Types of monitoring 147
12.3 Performance ratio and performance index 148
12.4 Monitoring resolution 149
12.5 Sensors 149
12.6 Data logging 150
12.7 Displays 150
Section 13 Battery storage systems 153
13.1 Application of battery storage systems 153
13.2 System configuration 154
13.3 Systems with island mode capability 155
13.4 Isolation and switching for off-grid operation 156
13.5 Battery: main overcurrent protection 158
13.6 Battery isolation 158
13.7 PV array/string overcurrent protection for systems with batteries 158
13.8 DC cables and component ratings for systems with batteries 159
13.9 Battery installation 159
Section 14 Installation process 161
14.1 Planning permission 162
14.2 Building control 163
Section 15 Health and safety 165
15.1 Introduction 165
15.2 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 165
15.3 Electricity at Work Regulations 166
15.4 Hazard inventory 167
15.5 Safety management of solar farm installations 168
Section 16 System commissioning 171
16.1 General 171
16.2 DC side - inspection requirements 172
16.3 DC side - minimum test requirements 173
16.4 DC side - additional tests 173
16.5 Further low voltage AC side test considerations 174
Section 17 Handover and documentation 179
17.1 System handover 179
17.2 System documentation 179
Section 18 Operation and maintenance 183
18.1 General 183
18.2 Scheduled maintenance 183
18.3 Periodic verification 183
18.4 Regular inspections 184
18.5 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive 184
Appendix A Glossary 185
Appendix B Regulations, standards and guidance 189
Appendix C System labels and signs 195
Appendix D Regulatory marking 201
Appendix E Minimum depth of buried cables and height of overhead suspended cables 203
Index 209

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